Raksha Bandhan Family is an integral part for all Hindu festivities and it is one of this family bonding that Raksha Bandhan celebrates. Literally meaning, the bond that protects, derived from Sanskrit, Raksha Bandhan is an unique ritual carried out generally by a sister for her brother. It is a celebration that rejoices and holds up the bond and love between that of a brother and a sister. It has also been known to be celebrated amongst the Jains too. This is one festival, which is celebrated by numerous communities with a secular connotation, and this is mostly seen in the states of West Bengal and Punjab. This beautiful festival of Raksha Bandhan or Rakhi is observed on the Shravan Purnima according to traditional Hindu calendar. As per the Gregorian calendar, it is observed in the full moon day in the month of August. In 2016, Rakhi will be celebrated on the August 18th, a Thursday. Dates of Raksha Bandhan in the next five years according to the modern day calendar: In 2014, the Raksha Bandhan date is Sunday, August 10. In 2019, the Raksha Bandhan date is on Saturday, August 29. In 2016, the Raksha Bandhan date is on Thursday, August 18. In 2019, the Raksha Bandhan date is on Monday, August 7. In 2019, the Raksha Bandhan date is Sunday, August 26. Legends behind Rakhi or Raksha Bandhan There are couple of pretty interesting legends that are associated with Raksha Bandhan, which are as follows – According to Bhavishya Purana, in a war fought between Gods and demons, the King of Heavens, Indra, was on the verge of being badly defeated by the demonic Bali, the king of the Asuras. Indra’s wife, Sachi or Indrani, then went to Lord Bishnu to seek suggestion as to how to mitigate this crisis. Lord Vishnu gave her a cotton thread bracelet and assured her that prayers along with the bracelet will bring victory to Indra. Indrani tied it at Indra’s wrist and he emerged the victor and rescues Amaravati from the hands of the demons. Thus it is also noted from this, that Rakhi was not limited between the bonding of a brother and a sister in ancient times, and was used as an amulet. Raksha Bandhan Again as per Bhavishya Purana and Vishnu Purana, after Lord Vishnu had recovered the 3 worlds from the dominion of King Bali, he requested Vishnu to reside in his abode. Vishnu kept his request and started staying in Bali’s ornate palace. However, Vishnu’s wife Lakshmi was unhappy there and wanted to go back to their own house, Vaikunthadham. She tied a Rakhi on Bali’s wrist and requested him to rid Vishnu of his promise of residing in that palace. Bali respected the Rakhi, and released Vishnu of his promise. Lord Ganesha, according to legends had 2 sons called Shubh and Labh. On the Raksha Bandhan day, they were deeply distressed to see Ganesha’s sister coming to tie a rakhi on his wrist. The 2 brothers were sad as they had no sisters to pray for them. Narada visited them at this time and requested Lord Ganesha to create a daughter as the daughter will be beneficial for all of them. Thus Lord Ganesha created a daughter out of the divine flame emanated by his wives Ruddhi and Siddhi. She was called Santoshi Ma and literally meant Goddess of satisfaction. In the tales of Mahabharata, where Draupadi and Krishna were friends, Draupadi took a piece of her saree and tied Krishna’s wound when he killed Shishupala. Thus in the thread he was indebted for life and promised to appear for her whenever she would need him and protect her. Thus during the ordeal when Draupadi was being humiliated, Lord Krishna came to her aid and gave her protection. According to another legend, the Lord of Death Yama had not seen his sister Yamuna for a while. Yamuna confided of her sorrow to Ganga, who gently reminded Yama about his sister. Thus Yama came to see Yamuna, who tied a rakhi in his hand and Yamuna prepared a feast for him and asked him to come back and see her again. Rituals of Rakhi or Raksha Bandhan On the morning of Rakhi or raksha bandhan, the sister and the brother have a cleansing bath and join the rest of the family members for a prayer. They do a arati and then in front of a lamp, the sister ties a rakhi in the wrist of her brother, praying that may he conquer all obstacles and may no evil touch him. This si the reason why, Raksha Bandhan is known as Vish Tarak – the destroyer of venom or the Pap Nashak – the destroyer of sins or the Punya Pradayak – the bestower of boons. After tying the Rakhi, a tilak or a colorful dot is smeared in the forehead of the brother, and the brother pledges to always protect the sister from all evils. A feast is prepared for this observance and brothers and sisters exchange gifts on this auspicious occasion. Rakhi or Raksha Bandhan in historical aspect Rakhi since time immemorial has been used for creating a cordial relationship. The Rajput queens used to send Rakhi to the neighboring kings as a token of harmony and to grant them the respect of a sister so that they be protected. o As per one extremely interesting historical legend, the Greek king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great attacked India in 326 BCE. Alexander’s wife, Roxana or Roshanak, sent a secret letter to Puru, or Porus the king of Kaikeya, along with a Rakhi to request him not to harm her husband. In the battlefield, when Porus was about to deliver the fatal blow on Alexander, he noticed the Rakhi on his own wrist and dedisted himself by remembering his promise. o Another interesting historical account dates back to 1535 Ce when Rani Karnavati , the widow queen of Chittor and Humayun, the Mughal emperor. Rani Karnavati realized that she will not be able to thwart the attack of Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat; she sent a rakhi to Humayun. Humayun immediately set out to defend her, though he was late in reaching and the fort had been ransacked. However, there are historians who have expressed disagreement to this account. o Perhaps the greatest historical significance of Rakhi was accorded when the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore used it as the medium of protest for the division of India by the British colonial rulers. The Rakhi was used as a token of bond which proclaimed both the Hindus and Muslims protecting each other. He arranged a ceremony of Raksha Bandhan to strengthen the bond of love and compassion. This was a drive for religious and national integration, meant predominantly for Bengal at that time, which was being split into what is now Bangladesh, a Muslim dominated country based on religion and West Bengal, belonging to India. It is still a major festival in Bangladesh and West Bengal. o Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab and his wife, the queen Maharani Jindan also fostered harmony with neighboring country Nepal by a Rakhi festival. This bond of Rakhi was honored by Jung Bahadur of Nepal when the Queen flew from Punjab to save her life after the Sikh Empire collapsed and the state was about to be annexed by the British Empire. Celebrations of Rakhi in various parts of the country o The Kumaoni people or the residents of Kumaon of Uttarakhand celebrate this day by changing their sacred thread or the Janeu apart from the tying of the sacred thread of Rakhi. The famous Bagwal fair at Devidhura is also held on this day. o In the states of west Bengal and Odisha, this day is also known as Jhulan Purnima and the deities of Lord Krishna and Radha is worshipped. o In Maharashtra, the fishermen communities of Koli celebrate this day invoking Lord Varuna for his blessings. Coconuts are thrown in the sea as an offering to Lord Varuna. They also apply vermillion dot in each other’s foreheads as a mark of prosperity. o In Haryana and Punjab, people apart from Raksha Bandhan, also celebrate the festival of Salono. It is a day when priests ward evil by trying an auspicious amulet on others wrists. Significance of Rakhi or Raksha Bandhan Raksha Bandhan over a period of time, from the bonding between that of a brother and sister has become an icon and a symbol of socio-cultural integrity. It is symbolic with all religious harmony, peaceful coexistence and protection. In modern times, if the brothers and sisters are unable to visit each other, then they send rakhis for their brothers and vow to be there for each other. It is a ritual worth celebrating. Holidays Around The World Bank Holidays 2019 Holi Easter Maha Shivaratri Good Friday Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Akshaya Tritiya Shivaji Jayanti Ratha Yatra Kartik Poornima Anant Chaturdashi Raksha Bandhan Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar Onam Janmashtami Independence Day In India Friendship Day in India Father’s Day in India Buddha Purnima Nag Panchami Gandhi Jayanti Ganesh Chaturthi Gudi Padwa Labor Day New Year 2016 January 1st – History Chinese New Year Hindu New Year Hmong New Year Islamic New Year Japanese New Year Jewish New Year Korean New Year Thai New Year Persian New Year Tibetan New Year Vietnamese New Year
Rabindra Jayanti OR Birthday of Rabindranath Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti is the annual commemoration of Rabindranath Tagore’s birthday. Rabindranath Tagore is perhaps India’s biggest literary figure who had left an indelible mark in not only the Asian sub-continent but globally as well. He was born on the 25th day of Baisakh, according to traditional Hindu calendar and according to Gregorian calendar on the 8th or 9th of May, in the year 1861. Bengalis all across the world, in particular celebrate this day amidst cultural activities in which they perform various plays, dance dramas, songs and recitations all penned by the Kaviguru Rabindranath Tagore himself. Who was Rabindranath Tagore? Rabindranath Tagore was born in the 1861 in the affluent Jorasanko Thakur Bari to Maharshi DebendranathThakur and his wife Sarada Devi. He was born into a progressive Brahma family, where art and culture played a major role. The Brahmas were also a reformist religious sect. They were the zamindars of various provinces. Under an extremely cultural background, Tagore started writing from a very early age. At the age of seventeen, he went to England to get a legal degree. He did not enjoy pursuing law and became a student of Prof Henry Morley, and started taking an avid interest in English literature. In 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi, and had five children, amongst whom 2 died suddenly and untimely. His lack of conventional education made his learning and the reflection of life and education unique. His literary works all displayed an amazing in-depth understanding of human psyche and connect with the greater God and nature. How was Viswa Bharati formed? In 1901 Rabindranath Tagore established an ashram, which gradually became Visva Bharati, an open air unconventional education center, based on the similar lines of Indian Ashram. Breaking the barrier of time, religion and region, the thespian Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore introduced the Raksha Bandhan Utsav, which was a gigantic step towards national integration at a time when the British rulers were breaking India in the name of religion and creed. Rabindranath Tagore inculcated the seeds of nationalist movement with his writings and despite being accorded the highest orders the British Government by conferring Knighthood, remained an ardent nationalist at heart. He renounced his Knighthood protesting against the heinous Jalianwala Bagh Massacre where hundreds of civilians were killed without any provocation. How did Tagore form a bridge between the East and West? Rabindranath Tagore’s deep eastern mysticism charmed the western hemisphere. Starting from poets to philosophers like W.B. Yeats to Roman Rolland; all became infatuated with his poetry and deep philosophy. Geetanjali, a translation of the same in the name “song Offering” took the world by storm and went on to fetch him the first ever Nobel Prize for an Asian in the year 1921. Gandhiji conferred upon him the title Gurudev. Humbled and moved with Gandhiji’s way of life and thoughts, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore also conferred upon him the adjective of Mahatma- a great soul. What social significance did Tagore’s Vasant Utsav and Rakhi celebrations have in the then Society? Rabindranath Tagore initiated the Basantotsav on Vasant Panchami, where the student of Vishva Bharati, would celebrate the day irrespective of religion, caste and creed through dance, drama and music. To uphold the same principles he also introduced Rakhi Bandhan Utsav where people took to the streets to tie threads to uphold friendship between people of all cross sections of the society. In his own way, Tagore always tried to break free of social mandates that challenged humanity. He always believed in upholding humanism. When did Tagore leave for heavenly abode? On a rain drenched 7th of August, 1941 Rabindranath Tagore passed away after suffering from ailments for quite some time. What are Tagore’s contributions in the literary world? Tagore’s literary works really is difficult to discuss in a short span. He wrote what can be termed as children’s literature (Sahaj Path), drama against social apartheid (Chandalika), various political novels and dramas (Ghare Baire, Achalayatan, Raja and many more). His pen showed a trait far advanced than the time he lived in. the honorary Doctorate degree was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford in the year 1940. His literary works have found a global resonance and worldwide acclaim. Jana Gana Mana penned by Rabindranath Tagore went on to become India’s national anthem, while a song written in the wake of partition, “Amar sonar Bangla” went on to become the National Anthem of Bangladesh, which was to be formed later. His contribution to not only Indian literature, but to world literature is unparallel. How is Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti celebrated? Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary is commemorated with reverence and amidst literature. The day is celebrated with great enthusiasm and grandeur in the entire west Bengal. Celebrations are organized by the Government as well as various organizations. In almost all the schools and colleges functions are held based on his literary works. Various programs are held where Rabindranath’s songs are sung and his poems are recited. Various programs starting from dawn to dusk are held at the Jorasanko Thakur Bari, where he was born, at Rabindra Sadan- where musical programs are held and at Santiniketan; where he had set up Viswa Bharati. Rabindra Jayanti is celebrated in all the places which have Bengali population, which includes Bangladesh, US, UK and other countries. Holidays Around The World Bank Holidays 2019 Holi Easter Maha Shivaratri Good Friday Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Akshaya Tritiya Shivaji Jayanti Ratha Yatra Kartik Poornima Anant Chaturdashi Raksha Bandhan Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar Onam Janmashtami Independence Day In India Friendship Day in India Father’s Day in India Buddha Purnima Nag Panchami Gandhi Jayanti Ganesh Chaturthi Gudi Padwa Labor Day New Year 2016 January 1st – History Chinese New Year Hindu New Year Hmong New Year Islamic New Year Japanese New Year Jewish New Year Korean New Year Thai New Year Persian New Year Tibetan New Year Vietnamese New Year
Presidents’ Day Presidents’ Day is a colloquial term for Washington’s Birthday, George Washington being the first President of the United States, and it is commemorated by paying tribute to all the Presidents of the United States of America. The day is observed as a federal holiday on the third Monday of the month of February each year. The day is also a state holiday in most states, but in some states the day is known by Washington’s/ Lincoln’s or Washington and Lincoln’s Birthday, since both Washington and Lincoln’s birthdays come in the month of February, and in historical ranking these two presidents of the US rank as the popular most. Presidents’ Day in the next five years: In 2014, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 17. In 2015, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 16. In 2016, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 15. In 2017, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 20. In 2018, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 19. In 2019, Presidents’ Day is on Monday, February 18. History: The first attempt to create a day to honor the Presidents of the country was made in the year 1951. In an attempt to do so, Presidents’ Day National Committee was founded by Harold Stone Bridge Fischer of Compton, California, who then became the National Executive Director of the Committee for the next twenty years. The purpose of the committee was to commemorate the day that would not honor any particular President of the country, but all the Presidents at large. It is a day to pay tribute to the office of the Presidency. Originally March 4th was designated to be the Presidents’ Day in the Bill that was submitted for passage, March 4th being the original day of inauguration. However this Bill was stalled in the Senate by the Judiciary Committee who had the authority to decide about the federal holidays. The Committee felt that the day in close proximity to both Washington’s Birthday and Lincoln’s Birthday would be unduly burdensome with three holidays in such close succession. However, even during this period, Governors of many of the States had proclaimed in their jurisdiction for March 4th to be Presidents’ Day. In an early draft of the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, the day was proposed to be named as Presidents’ Day, and was selected to be a date that falls in between the birthdays of Washington and Lincoln. But this proposal failed in the Committee. On June 18, 1968, the day was voted and passed to be a law where the name Washington’s Birthday remained. By the middle of the 1980s, however, there were push from the advertisers that made the name “Presidents’ Day” appear in public. Spelling of Presidents’ Day: Since Presidents’ Day is not an official term that is used to denote the holiday in honor of the Presidents of the country, there is often an ambiguity about the correct spelling to be used in the context. However, the majority of manuals, dictionaries and stylebooks propagate the spelling to be Presidents’ Day in context of the fact that if the word President’s is used it would denote a single President, but the day is commemorated to honor all (multiple) Presidents of the country. At present the term Presidents’ Day has been more or less accepted by all and sundry. Observances and Traditions: In a nutshell, this day honors the accomplishments of the men who have shaped the United States to be the way it is today – they are celebrated for their leadership and for being a unifying force for the better future of the country. The country’s veterans are honored on this day. Community celebrations are often organized to uphold the country’s heritage. Till the 1980s corporate businesses used to remain closed on this day. However after then the retailers have started promoting various sales schemes on this day. Even delivery services operate in full swing on this day except the United States Postal Service. Operation of public transport system varies from place to place – in some places it may be erratic, while at others pretty regular. Many universities and colleges continue with their regular schedule on the Presidents’ Day. Many schools give a week long mid winter recess during this time beginning on this day, depending on the rules of the school district. Tourism also flourishes during this time for it gives people a long weekend break amidst their hectic schedule. Holidays Around The World Bank Holidays 2015 Holi Easter Maha Shivaratri Good Friday Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Akshaya Tritiya Shivaji Jayanti Ratha Yatra Kartik Poornima Anant Chaturdashi Raksha Bandhan Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar Onam Janmashtami Independence Day In India Friendship Day in India Father’s Day in India Buddha Purnima Nag Panchami Gandhi Jayanti Ganesh Chaturthi Gudi Padwa Labor Day New Year 2015 January 1st – History Chinese New Year Hindu New Year Hmong New Year Islamic New Year Japanese New Year Jewish New Year Korean New Year Thai New Year Persian New Year Tibetan New Year Vietnamese New Year
Pongal Pongal is the most popular harvesting facility of South India which lasts for 4 days. It is generally celebrated in the middle of the month of January. According t traditional Tamil Calendar, it starts from the last day of the Tamil month of Margazhi and lasts till the third day of the Tamil month of Thai. Pongal basically is a form of Thanks Giving to Nature for its bounty. It also marks the journey of the Sun to Uttarayana or the 6 monthly journey northwards. The word Pongal in Tamil means abundance, thus this is a ritual of Thanksgiving for abundance. This festival is mostly celebrated in the state of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry etc and corresponds with Makar Sankranti. In 2019 it will be initiated from January 15th. History of Pongal Pongal can be traced back to 100 years ago when the Chola Kingdom first celebrated Puthiyeedu , representing the first harvest of the year. Days of the Festival of Pongal The First day – the day preceding Pogal is known as the Bhogi. It is a day dedicated to Lord Indra.Homage is paid to him to have bestowed human beings with abundance. The ritual observed on this day is known as the Bhogi mantalu. In this ritual all the old household articles are discarded. In the dawn people assemble and throw away all their discarded items in fire, similar to Holika Dahan before Holi in northern parts of India. Houses are all cleaned and horns of oxen, buffaloes etc are painted on this day. In Tamil Nadu, farmers keep medicinal plants as neem, in the north east corners of their farmland to prevent pests from destroying crops. Pongal The Second day – the second day is known as the Thai Pongal. This is the day which coincides with Makar Sankranti celebrated throughout India. This day marks the start of Uttarayan of the Sun. Since Pongal literally means abundance, a vessel of milk is set to boil and when it starts overflowing; rice grains which are freshly harvested are added to this milk. Turmeric is tied to this vessel of milk. A conch called Sanggu is blown and people shout out Pongalo Pongal. This milk and rice made Pongal is then served to people along with sweets and other savouries. On this auspicious day, Tamilians decorate their houses with mango leaves and draw rangoli or kolams on the floor. The Third Day – The third day is known as the Maatu Pongal. On this day, cattles which are the backbone of the farming society are recognized and appreciated. Mukyi clored beads, tinkling bells, garlands are used to decorate the cows, sheep etc. the atmosphere on this day is festive. Games such as jaalikattu and taming Bulls are played on this day. Kaka-pidi and kanu-pidi is a ritual said to strengthen the bond of the brother-sisters. Cows on this day are cleaned with manjalthanni or turmeric powder, kumkum is applied and their horns colored. There is a ritual of a torch being lit of coconut leaves and carry it around the cattle thrice and then run to the village border and drop it. This is said to ward off the evil eye. The Fourth Day – the fourth day is known as the Knau or Kannum POngal day. A turmeric leaf is washed on this day and then placed in the ground. This is the day which marks the end of the Pongal festival. On that turmeric leaf, left-over of a sweet pongal, ordinary and colored rice are served. Arati is performed of the brothers on this day with turmeric water, rice and limestone. The main Pongal dish Cooking of the Pongal is done in sunlight. Other than rice and milk, cardamom, jaggery etc are added to the dish. The cooking is preferably done in a clay pot. The Pongal then usually is cooked in two varieties – one sweet and one savory and it is served on banana leaves.
Pentecost The word Pentecost has been derived from the ancient Greek term Pentekoste which literally means “the fiftieth [day]”. Pentecost is celebrated in the Christian community to commemorate the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles and also on the other disciples of Jesus Christ about seven weeks of fifty days from the Day of Easter. As described in the Acts of the Apostles, there were one hundred and twenty disciples of Jesus Christ at that time. Some Christians attribute this day to be the day of “Birth of the Church”. Pentecost occurs on the tenth day after the Ascension Thursday. It is also sometimes known as the Whitsunday or Whit Sunday. In ancient Israel too, Pentecost was celebrated. The day was commemorated as the day of giving of the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai. In Judaism the day is still celebrated as Shavout. Date of Pentecost: According to the pattern of the present day Jewish calendar, Pentecost is observed after fifty days from Passover. In the ancient times, there was confusion among the Jewish people regarding the date as mentioned in the written texts of Dead Sea Scrolls or the Mishnah or Oral Torah. As per the Christian traditions, Pentecost is a Moveable Cycle as a part of the ecclesiastical year. According to this set of belief Pentecost in always observed after seven weeks of Easter Sunday; that is after fifty days of Easter (inclusive of the Easter Day). Put in other words, this implies that Pentecost is the eighth Sunday when counted from the Day of Easter, which is calculated according to the norms of Computus. Pentecost in the next five years: In 2014, Pentecost is on Sunday, June 08. In 2015, Pentecost is on Sunday, May 24. In 2016, Pentecost is on Sunday, May 15. In 2017, Pentecost is on Sunday, June 04. In 2018, Pentecost is on Sunday, May 20. In 2019, Pentecost is on Sunday, June 9. Background: According to the Old Testament the origin of Pentecost is attributed to the Jewish Harvest Festival that was known as the Festival of Weeks. The mention of it is found in the Hebrew Bible. The Biblical narrative of Pentecost is found in the Second Chapter of the Book of Acts where it is stated that there were one hundred and twenty followers of Jesus present on that day including the Apostles, Virgin Mary and some other women disciples who received Baptism in the “Upper Room” in the Holy Spirit. It is during this event that Apostle Peter announced that the Prophecy of “I will pour out my spirit” has been fulfilled, and from then on all believers, Jews and Gentiles, alike would experience the continual outpouring. However, since as per the traditions, women were not allowed in the Upper Room or Cenacle, and since it is an established fact that women disciples including Jesus’ Mother Mary were present during the time of descent of the Holy Ghost, it is often suggested that the house mentioned was actually the House of God or the Herod’s Temple that is located on Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It is here that the Judeans from all over the world were present in the temple, and they witnessed the receiving of the gift of Spiritual Birth of the Holy Spirit. Public Life in United States: In the United States, this is not considered to be a federal holiday, as such businesses and organizations operate according to their regular schedule. However, since the observance occurs on a Sunday it becomes a non working day for many Americans, and most schools and institutions are closed on this day. The same is applicable in case of public transportation that runs as per schedule on this day. Observances: In the United States, people observe the Pentecost as the mark of God’s all encompassing kindness which envelops not only the Jews but all and sundry. God’s favor and care was spread from Judaism to all people, and this spirit of unity in diversity is looked up to on this day. Christians in the United States share with one another the meaning and perspective of Pentecost from their point of view. In spite of diversity in language, culture and backgrounds, fellow feeling between men can be enhanced through their worship. Many churches hold Mass Worship Service on this day.
Passover Passover is celebrated in Jewish homes with fervor. Passover finds its mention in Biblical references, especially in the Hebrew Bible, where the story of the Exodus has been narrated in details. The Book of Exodus tells of the story whereby the Israelites were freed from slavery of the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs some 3300 years ago by the grace of God under the leadership of Moses. Passover commences from the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Nisan according to the Jewish calendar system, and may last for eight days or seven in case of some reform Jewish groups. The Exodus narrative tells that God helped the Children of Israel to get freed from their slavery. For the purpose God inflicted ten plagues upon the ancient Egyptians before the Pharaoh decided to release the Israelite slaves. The tenth of the plagues was the worst one and it caused the death of the “Egyptian first-born”. It is also mentioned in the narrative that when the Israelites got freed from the clutches of the Pharaoh they were so eager to leave that in the hurried process they could not even wait for the dough of bread to rise (leaven). This is the reason that the Torah or the Old Testament mentions Passover to be the Feast of Unleavened Bread. In commemoration of this anecdote, the Seder (feast of Passover) is never complete without Matzo, the flat bread. Passover in the next five years: In 2014, Passover is from Tuesday April 15 to Tuesday April 22. In 2015, Passover is from Saturday April 04 to Saturday April 11. In 2016, Passover is from Saturday April 23 to Saturday April 30. In 2017, Passover is from Tuesday April 11 to Tuesday April 18. In 2018, Passover is from Saturday March 31 to Saturday April 07. In 2019, Passover is from Friday April 19 to Saturday April 27. Biblical Background: After being subjected to inhuman torture and backbreaking labor by the Egyptian Pharaohs the Israelites (then slaves of the Pharaohs) were saved by Moses who was sent by God to lead the Children of Israel out of the clutches of horror and subjugation. At the stroke of midnight on the 15th day of the Jewish month of Nissan in the year 2448 from Creation (approximately 1313 BCE), God struck with the final (tenth) plague by passing over homes in Israel where Egyptian firstborns were killed while the ones from Israeli homes were spared. Even today some homes have the tradition of blessing firstborns during Passover. This final blow broke the Pharaoh’s resistance and he chased the slaves out of the land. Those men, women and children then started to trek Mt. Sinai, and came to be known as God’s chosen people. Public Life in United States: In the United States, this is not considered to be a federal holiday, as such businesses and organizations operate according to their regular schedule. The same is applicable in case of public transportation that runs as per schedule on this day. However, certain Jewish institutions or businesses may opt to remain closed or to have reduced business hours for this occasion. Observances: Passover is observed generally for eight days. However some Reform Jewish groups observe the same for seven days. During this period, people generally try to be with one’s family and friends. People also take special care of those who cannot be near their near and dear ones for some reason. Special effort is also made to make elderly people feel special and wanted. People may at times invite them over to their homes or gift a gift basket made especially for the occasion and containing Seder plates, ceremonial food items and wine. Care is also taken so that the poor and the needy do not remain left out of the ceremonial meal known as Seder – food and alms are distributed for the purpose to those who may need them. In the Jewish American homes, the days of Passover sees adherence to most of the Sabbath observances. Some people take holiday this time of the year to enjoy the festivities to the best. In the homes people recite special prayers and read the Torah. People also listen to the narration of exodus from Egypt. Some people may also visit a synagogue to hear Torah or pray recitals. Ceremonial meals known as Seder are partaken that consists of symbolic food like bitter herbs, matzo (a kind of flat bread), meat of paschal lamb etc.
Palm Sunday Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter that is observed as per Christian rituals. This is a moveable feast to commemorate the triumphant entry of Jesus into the country of Jerusalem. This event has been referred to in all the four Canonical Gospels. On this day, observant Christians who gather in the churches for service often walk in a procession carrying palms. This is to signify the branches of palm that were scattered by the crowd on the roads as Jesus entered Jerusalem. In places where palm is not available, people often substitute it with branches of native trees like willow, yew, olive etc. As such this day also came to be referred as the Yew Sunday or Branch Sunday. Palm Sunday in the next five years: In 2014, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, April 13. In 2015, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, March 29. In 2016, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, March 20. In 2017, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, April 09. In 2018, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, March 25. In 2019, Palm Sunday is on Sunday, April 14. Beliefs and Traditions: According to the four canonical Gospels, Jesus had a triumphant entry into Jerusalem a week before Resurrection. As Jesus approached Jerusalem, it is narrated that he took a look at the city and wept as if he had a pre notion about the suffering that the city was to experience. In those days, it was the custom in the lands of Near East (Western Asia) to cover the path of travel with something for a person who is bestowed the highest of honor. According to the Hebrew Bible it is noted that as Jesus entered Jerusalem he was given this kind of honor. People lay garments, branches of trees and cut rushes on the streets for the purpose. This is also believed to have included fronds of palm. According to the Jewish tradition, the palm is one of the four plants mentioned in the Torah that is carried to rejoice in the occasion of Sukkot. In the Greco Roman culture too the Palm Branch is considered to be a symbol of victory and triumph and is attributed to the Roman Goddess Nike who personifies victory. However, Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem is not likely to have been a symbol of victory till the 13th century. According to the ancient Egyptian culture, palms represent eternal life and were often carried in funeral processions. This concept was later adopted in Christian customs where palm branches symbolized Christian martyrs to mark the victory of their spirits and the triumph over death. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, Palm Sunday was the day to burn Jack-‘o’-Lent figures. The straw effigy was first stoned and abused and then burnt to symbolize revenge on Judas Iscariot for his betrayal to Christ. It also marked destroying winter and welcoming the spring season. The Palms used on this day are often stored in the churches to be burnt in the following year and use the ash so obtained to bless during the Ash Wednesday services. Public Life in United States: In the United States, this is not considered to be a federal holiday, as such businesses and organizations operate according to their regular schedule. However, since the observance occurs on a Sunday it becomes a non working day for many Americans, and most schools and institutions are closed on this day. The same is applicable in case of public transportation that runs as per schedule on this day. Observances: This day marks the beginning of the plays, pageants and concerts that are held to commemorate the Holy Week. Often these celebrations are organized or sponsored by the local church and are also held in their premises. Some musical communities also perform sacred music during this period in their regular concerts. Among them, one of the oldest is Bethany College’s Messiah Festival that takes place in Lindsborg, Kansas, which has crossed 100 years of observance. In Florida each year the town of St. Augustine sees the Blessing of the Fleet on this day. Fishing boats and trawlers including shrimp trawlers as well as privately owned water vessels visit the town of St. Augustine to receive blessings. In homes and businesses many observant Americans place palm leaves in the shape of a Cross behind statues or images of religious nature. Holidays Around The World Bank Holidays 2015 Holi Easter Maha Shivaratri Good Friday Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Akshaya Tritiya Shivaji Jayanti Ratha Yatra Kartik Poornima Anant Chaturdashi Raksha Bandhan Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar Onam Janmashtami Independence Day In India Friendship Day in India Father’s Day in India Buddha Purnima Nag Panchami Gandhi Jayanti Ganesh Chaturthi Gudi Padwa Labor Day New Year 2015 January 1st – History Chinese New Year Hindu New Year Hmong New Year Islamic New Year Japanese New Year Jewish New Year Korean New Year Thai New Year Persian New Year Tibetan New Year Vietnamese New Year
Onam Onam is the biggest festival celebrated in the beautiful southern state of India, Kerala. It not only is the biggest festival of Kerala, but is alsthe state festival of Kerala as well. It is basically a harvest festival, and India being an agrarian nation, harvest festivals are always of extreme importance and celebrated alswith much fanfare. According tlegends, Onam marks and celebrates the return of the mighty king Mahabali at this time. This festival is celebrated at the beginning of the month of Chingam, which is basically the first month according the Malayali calendar or the Kollavarsham. As per the Gregorian calendar, this festival is observed in the months of August September. In 2019, Onam starts from Sept 1st. Legend of Onam Onam is an ancient festival which has stood the test of time and has shown a remarkable influence of the modern times as well. The festival actually celebrates the King Mahabali’s return this own kingdom from the Patal lok, or the underworld annually. The king was deeply revered by the people of his land and felt that it was the golden era of Kerala, where people lived happily and without any kind of oppression or class division. It is believed that according tlegends, Mahabali, the king performing numerous Ashwamedha Yajna was about toverthrow King Indra from heaven. He had already taken over the other lokas, or other worlds. The gods in fear sought Lord Vishnu’s help check Mahabali’s progress. However, Lord Vishnu denied any wishes of killing Mahabali as he was an extremely benevolent king but agreed stop his progress. Onam Thus Vishnu took the incarnation of Vamana, and met Mahabali when he was about to perform his last Ashwamedha Yajna and asked for a dan or charity. Despite being warned by Shukracharya, the mentor of the Asuras, or demons King Mahabali, the ever magnanimous agreed Vamans demands. Vamana asked for three steps of land covered by his feet. The first feet covered both the lands and Vamana asked Mahabali where keep his last feet. King Mahabali offered his own head and thus he was sent Patal loka or the underworld, with the boon that he can come back see how his subject were every year. Thus it is in the honor of King Mahabali that Onam is celebrated. Vamana deva , known as Thrikkakarappan is also worshipped during this festival. Rituals of Onam The rituals and celebration of Onam is spread over a period of 10 days. Out of these 10 days, the most important are the first day and the final or the tenth day. The 1st day is known as Atham and the last day is known as Thiru Onam or Thiruvonam. On the first day a flower carpet which is known as Onapookkalam or Pookalam is spread out in front of every house. This is an ornate and beautiful flower carpet spread out in honor of the King Mahabali, welcome him. This is made of various flowers and is definitely a work of art. Earlier Pookalams made on the Atham were known as the Dashapushpam or made with 10 varieties of flowers. However now all kinds of flowers are used. Mounds made of earth or soil are placed which represents Vishnu and Mahabali in the newly washed and cleaned courtyard of the houses. Various traditional rituals later there is a lavish food spread called Sadya served. The Onam sadya is an indispensable part of the Onam festival and ritual .it is a lavish spread consisting of nothing less than 26 items and is served on Banana leaf. The traditional items consist of the following – Chips, mostly Banana chips Sharkaraveratti, which is fried pieced of jiggery coated banana Pappadam Vegetable preparations like Thoran Mezhukkupuratti Kaalan Olan Sambhar Avial Erisheri Dal with dash of ghee or purified butter Puliseri Rasam Moru which is water mixed with curd Pickles of different types Buttermilk of 2 different types Payasam Celebration of Onam Onam is a joyous festival which is celebrated with lot of festivity which includes dance and music. The traditional dance forms of Kerala which include the Kummattikali, Pulikali, Thumbi Thullal, Thiruvathira etc are all performed during this period. A dance comprising of all women called Thiruvathirakali is performed in a circle, keeping a lamp in center. This is a specila performance of Onam. The Kummattikali, or the colorful masked dance is performed in this period where the masked dancers visit houses performing the same. This is specially seen in the Thrissur area. The famous Kathakali dance is alsperformed during this period where various mythological characters are enacted by the colorful dancers. Famous venues for Kathakali are Valluvanad and Cheruthuruthy The Pulikkali or the tiger plays are amongst the most important onam attractions. In this dance form, hundreds of people dressed as tigers dance tthe rhythm of resounding beats of Chenda and thakil. It takes a performer close t4 hours tdress for the part for the performance. The ritual worship dance Theyyam is alsperformed at this time, where Mahabali is played by the Onathar. The Thrikkakara temple is abuzz with activities during this period and showcases various dance forms every day. Onam songs along with the beat of percussion are played here and the Sadya presented here is famous. The Boat Race is another magnificent attraction of this joyous celebration. The Vallamkali or the snake boat race is intrinsically connected with the Onam Celebrations. The most well known boat race is the Aranmula Boat Race which is the oldest boat race. These boat races are mainly found in Kottayam, Payippad, Aranmula and Karuvatta. The long snake boats are called Chundans. There are alsother variations such as the small and fast Odi or the Veppus. The huge boats are oared by almost 100 men and thousands gather at the shores tcheer and watch these races. The tradition of buying new clothes is called Onakkodi and it is adhered tas a mark of respect tthe vanquished King whcomes for a visit. Apart from these festivities, lamps are lit in all the temples during the period of the festivities. In interior and rural areas, swings are erected in front of the houses and Onam songs which are known as Onappaatt are sung , while swinging in the make shift swings. The ten Days of Onam Atham – Atham is the first day of the festival. It is said tbe the day when the King Mahabali starts his preparation in Patala tvisit Kerala. The Thrikkakara temple alsstarts its preparations from this day. The Onam festivities start with a procession called the Athachamyam. The laying of the floral carpet decorations or the pookkalam alsstarts on this day. Idols of Mahabali and Vamana are alsinstalled in all the houses on this day. Chithira – the second day when people start cleaning up their houses for the Thiruvonam. A second layer of floral decoration on this day is added the existing one. Chodhi – this is the third day on which the pookkalam starts increasing with additional designs. The newer designs are done with almost 4 t5 of different types of flowers. From this day people start shopping for new clothes or jewelleries. Vishakam – the fourth day and according traditions , one of the most auspicious days of the Onam. Various Pookkalam competitions kickstart from this day. Anizham – the fifth day which kick starts the snake boat races in many parts of Kerala. Thriketa – the festivities starts getting denser from this day onwards with the institutions declaring holiday from this day. The Pookkalam also grows in size and shape on this day. Moolam – this is the seventh day of the festival. In various temples a smaller version of Onam Sadya starts from this day. Pulikkal and various other dance performances begin from this day onwards. Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode starts being all lit up from this day along with spectacular display of fireworks. Pooradam – the eighth day sees the idols of Mahabali and Vamana given a ritual bath and taken from house after house for viewing. These idols are later kept in the center of the pookkalam and small children called Poorada unnikal smears rice batter flour of the idols. The pookkalam designs are again added and keep getting more elaborate. Uthradom – this is the penultimate day of the 10 day long festival. According tlegends King Mahabali steps intKerala on this day and will spend the next 4 days visiting his subjects and seeing how they are. The women start cutting the first vegetable for the Thiruvonam which will be held the next day in each household. Thiruvonam – the last and the most important festival day. This day is also known by the name thiru-onam or the sacred onam day. This is the day when Mahabali is said to have been sent Patal loka by the Vamana Avatar. This day is considered to be extremely auspicious as it is also the birth anniversary of Sree Padmanabha Swamy of Thiruvananthapuram the Vamana Avatar etc. devotees on this day clean their houses early in the morning. Take a ritual bath , then apply a batter of rice flour on the main entrance of the house. Then the devotees wear their new clothes and gives alms and charity the needy people. Special prayers are organized in the temples for this special day. 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Nag Panchami Interestingly enough there are lot of snakes and serpents which abound in our epics and ancient scriptures. During the rainy season when everything was filled with water, the snakes would roam free and there would be lot of snake bites and subsequent deaths. In ancient times our forefathers thought of placating the snakes so that human race is saved. It is believed that snakes being worshipped will be appreciated by the Nag Devta and thus will be well received by him. Nag Panchami is the worshipping of snakes throughout India and various places across Nepal. The snakes are worshipped on the 5th day of the Shukla paksha of the month of Shravana according to traditional Hindu calendar, which would be July August as per Gregorian calendar. Nag Panchami is generally celebrated 2 days after the Hariyali Teej. On the day of Nag Panchami, devotees pray to the Nag devta for their well being, the blessings of the family, by worshipping them by offering the Nag Devta milk. Despite there being numerous snakes and serpents the following twelve snakes are revered mostly during the Nag Panchami day. They are as follows – Ananta, Basuki, Shesha, Padma, Kambala, Karkotaka, Ashvatara, Dhritarashtra, Kaliya, Shankhapala, Pingala and Takshaka. Legend of Nag Panchami According to the Hindu scriptures, Kashyapa, the son of Lord Brahma had 4 wives and one of them was Kadroo, who belonged to the Naga race. She gave birth to the Nag s as it is known. The celebration of Nag Panchami has its roots in the victory of Lord Krishna over the ferocious serpent Kaliya. Kaliya had terrorized all the people and Krishna took upon himself the responsibility of defeating this great serpent. There ensued a great tussle after which Lord Krishna emerged as the winner. Kaliya the serpent had marks of Lord Krishna’s feet on his head as a show of complete subjugation. This incident is known as Kaliya Mardan. Kaliya promised him that he will not disturb people any more. In another legend, during the times of Mahabharata, King Janamejaya’s father Parikshit was killed by a serpent called Takshak. Deeply annoyed, Janamejaya started a yajna called the Sarpa Shastra Yajna which was about to demolish all the snakes from the face of the earth. The yajna was stopped by a sage called Astika, the Brahmin son of Jaratkaru and Manasadevi, the Goddess of the snakes. The king of the snakes, Takshaka and his complete race was saved from being obliterated. This is also celebrated as Nag Panchami. In another legend, long back there was a farmer, who unwittingly killed 3 snakes while ploughing his land. Enraged, the mother snake killed the farmer, his wife and his two children by biting them. However the farmer’s daughter escaped unhurt. She started worshipping the snake with milk and flowers and begged for the life of her family back. Observing her dedication and pleased with her worship, the mother snake brought the family back to life and since then snakes or nags have been come to be worshipped in various parts to placate them for the welfare of one’s family. Celebration of Nag Panchami On the day of the Nag Panchami, devotees worship the snakes with milk, flowers, sweets and lamp. The devotees observe fast on this day and charity is done as well as Brahmins are also fed. Devotees do not dig up the earth on this day and flowers, rice’s breed and Durva grass is offered to the Nag. Idols or a picture of the Nag is worshipped on this day. There is another belief that young women praying to Nag Devta is blessed with the boon of getting married to a good husband. This is mostly sprung from the belief that Lord Shiva is associated with the snakes, as he is tolerant towards them. Lord Shiva thus, blesses those who worship the Nags. It is also believed that snakes remember the faces of the ones worshipping them. Thus married women worship on the Nag Panchami so as to seek the blessing of the Nag Devta for protecting her family. Nag Panchami celebration in different regions o In Nagpur, Maharashtra, which derives its name from the Nags only; in the Nagoba Temple in Mahal, Nag Panchami is celebrated with great devotion. In Benaras, the places for wrestling or the Akharas are greatly celebrated with lights and other decorations for the Nag Panchami. In Narasinghagarh in Varanasi, there is a special shrine devoted to the king of snakes. A bowl with milk always trickles milk on the snake god as a form of worshipping. o In Gujarat on the Bhuj district, this gets its name from Bhujang which means snake in Sanskrit; is a temple in the fort where snakes are worshipped on this day. On this day every year a fair is held at the temple premises. The Sindhi community too celebrates Nag Panchami in honor of Gogro. o In eastern and north eastern India, the snake Goddess is worshipped as Devi Manasa. On this day to appease the wrath of Devi Manasa a twig of Manasa plant, or euphorbia lingularum is brought and planted on the ground. Then tyhis plant is worshipped with great devotion so that the serpents and snakes remain appeased and does not harm people. o In the southern part of India, snakes are associated with Subramanya, who was the commander of the divine army, and also with Lord Shiva. In Karnataka, girls worship an idol of snake made out of white play and painted with white dots. Images of snakes are drawn in front of the houses and milk is offered to them as prasads. On the previous night of the puja the entire family takes a salt free diet. o In other parts of South India, every village has a Nag shrine and the deity here is often found in the form of two snakes coiled around each other or in the Aesculapian Rod. Women decorate anthills, where snakes are believed to reside with vermillion, turmeric paste and sugar mixed with wheat flours. A wooden structure is erected around the anthill which is decorated with flowers and the devotees sing songs praising the snakes, around this anthill. This practice can be viewed in Maharashtra too. o In Kerala, this day is mostly celebrated by the Nairs who are believed to be serpent worshippers. The Nair women all keep a fast on the day before the Naga Panchami and in the morning they take a cleansing bath and offer prayers at the tharavad Sarpa kavu. A Chembarathi or a Hibiscus flower is dipped in milk is then sprinkled on the bothers backs and then an arati is done. A thread dipped in turmeric is tied at the brothers’ wrists to protect them from the snakes. After this a feast is served. 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Muharram/Ashura Ashura is a religious holiday for the Muslims and it the tenth day of the month of Muharram in the Islamic lunar calendar. For the Shi’a Muslims this day marks the end of the Muharram observances and on this day the death of Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn- ibn Ali, at the battle of Karbala, is also remembered. He was killed in 61 AH on the 10 Muharram. Husayn’s massacre along with his family and a small group of his fellowmen had a huge impact on the conscience of the Muslims, especially the Shi’a Muslims, who remembers his assassination on this day every year with a great deal of passion and sorrow. Husayn’s supports and his remaining family members began mourning as soon as they heard about the massacre in the battle of Karbala. During the Abbasid and Umayyad Era, many poets wrote popular elegies in remembrance of the Battle of Karbala. The earliest mourning rituals among public occurred during Buyid Dynasty in the year 963 CE. The memorial in the honor of Husayn ibn Ali is a national and official holiday in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Bahrain, Pakistan and Lebanon. Most of the religious and ethnic communities participate in the rituals carried out on this day. This day is a public holiday in India due presence of significant population of the Indian Shi’a Muslims who makes around 20% to 25% of the total Muslim population in India. For the Sunni Muslims, this day marks the day on which Moses and his supporters, who are also known as the children of Israel, were rescued from Pharaoh by God who created a path in the Red sea. This day also marks the day on which the great prophet Muhammad arrived in Medina and also the day on which Noah left the ark. Etymology- In Semitic languages, the word Ashura means tenth. The name of this day of remembrance literally means the tenth day. Ashura is actually the tenth day of the month of Muharram although several scholars have different opinions regarding its etymology. A.J. Wensinck, the orientalist, said that this word has been derived from the Hebrew word Asor. However, Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, in his book has written that some of the Islamic scholars also believe this day to be the tenth most important day on which the followers of Islam were blessed by God. Mourning rituals- The morning ritual called Azadari which includes cutting of body and suffering was banned by the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei and by Hezbollah in Lebanon even though these are still observed in India and Bangladesh. On the day of Ashura, some Shi’a Muslims arranges blood donation to mark this day and this practice of donating blood is known as Qame Zani and also mourns by flailing. In rituals like Talwar Zani and Zanjeer Zani people use swords and chains with attached blades to inflict wounds on their own bodies to commemorate the massacre of Husayn ibn Ali. These customs and rituals are carried out till date to show solidarity with him and his family. The Muslims mourn on this day by carrying out these rituals and expresses their utter regret for the fact that they couldn’t do anything to save Husayn and his family at the battle of Karbala. So, they injure their bodies to feel what Husayn had to go through. In the Shi’a community of Beirut, blood donation camps are organized on this day of Ashura with the help of Red Cross or Red Crescent and this serves as a replacement of the rituals mentioned above. It is a common religious belief among the Shi’a Muslims that shedding a single drop of blood for Husayn will wash away thousand of their sins and sanctifies them.
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